Six different gene clusters for active iron uptake have been identified among different strains of A. baumannii planktonic cells are virulence factors that highly up-regulate in the host environment 13. Iron receptors related to multiple uptake pathways of A.
As a result, the selection of virulence factors with high levels of expression, playing roles in different lifestyles of the pathogen is of prime importance. Results of a recent study have highlighted the importance of planktonic and biofilm phenotypes during antigen selection for vaccine design against biofilm-forming S. baumannii are distinct 8, 9, 10, 11, so vaccine candidates selected solely based on planktonic mode may fail to influence biofilm mode and vice versa. Today, transcriptomic and proteomic studies have demonstrated that virulence genes expressed, and proteins produced in different lifestyles of A. baumannii, like other nosocomial pathogens, has different lifestyles, including planktonic, pellicle biofilm, and surface-attached biofilm 7. There is a serious problem in designing recombinant vaccines against A. baumannii earlier studies have also confirmed the protective potential of these proteins. Recombinant vaccines based on protein antigens are good options for combating infections caused by A. In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced antibacterial vaccines as an effective tool to reduce antibiotic resistance 6. baumannii was one of the most frequent pathogens isolated from patients hospitalized in the ICU for severe COVID-19 pneumonia 4 or bacteremia 5. These results demonstrate both planktonic and biofilm antigens are important during antigen selection for vaccine design.ĭuring the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have shown ESKAPE pathogens ( Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) have severely affected the treatment of patients admitted in ICUs 1, 2, 3. baumannii was an excellent achievement with our quadrivalent immunogen. Complete bacterial clearance from all the affected tissues of the mice challenged with A. The results showed that the combined vaccine elicited high IgG antibody titers and conferred protection against lethal doses of two Carbapenem-resistant high adherent A. baumannii during growth and attachment, we combined planktonic upregulated antigens of iron receptors with biofilm upregulated antigens of pilus rods and evaluated immune responses and protective efficacies of the combined vaccine using lethal and sub-lethal murine sepsis models. baumannii infections, many attempts have been made to develop vaccines using planktonic or biofilm antigens. Acinetobacter baumannii is a multi-drug resistant pathogen with the ability to switch between planktonic and biofilm phenotypes.
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